A védjegyek köznevesüléséről

On the appellativization of brand names     Trademark, as a sort of intellectual property, is a legal institution which consists of a mark that is graphically representative and distinguishes the goods or services of the trademark holder from the goods or services of others; furthermore, it has originated from authority registration. Marks under legal protection mostly, but not necessarily, contain verbal parts. In everyday language this kind of mark is called a ‘brand’. In this case, a trademark is also functional as a name that is to be considered as an artificial proper name deriving from an authority source. There are, however, cases when trademarks, having distinctiveness at the time of registration, lose this distinctiveness over time, because of being used in a way, mostly in oral communication, that is no longer restricted in sense to the goods and services of the trademark holder. This phenomenon, called genericization or semantic broadening, is difficult to identify; in a legal sense it also requires an official procedure in order for the mark not to be used as a proper noun, but as a common noun without legal protection. The study interprets this phenomenon with illustrations of both Hungarian and foreign cases and also attempts to reveal the possible causes thereof

A második és harmadik nyugdíjpillér szerepe a magyar nyugdíjrendszerben

A nyugdíjrendszerek fenntarthatóságának kérdésköre egész Európában aktuális, s szinte mindenütt napirenden van az állami nyugdíjpillért kiegészítő munkáltatói és egyéni kiegészítő megoldások szerepének növelése. Cikkünkben a magyar nyugdíj - rendszer rövid bemutatását követően a rendelkezésre álló legfrissebb adatok alapján elemezzük a nyugdíjcélú megtakarítások histo - rikus alakulását, szerepét és helyzetét. Bár Magyarországon is létezik mindhárom pillér, a magyar nyugdíjrendszer az adatok alapján még mindig túlzottan az első pillérre támaszkodik (amelynek fenntarthatóságával kapcsolatban vannak kockázatok). A rendelkezésre álló nyugdíj-előtakarékossági konstrukciók pedig csak részben képesek betölteni azt a szerepet, hogy tömegesen, érdemi és rendsze - res nyugdíj-kiegészítést nyújtsanak a leendő nyugdíjasoknak. Az önkéntes pillérek súlyának tudatos növelése és a járadékkonstrukci - ók ösztönzése az időskori anyagi biztonság érdemi javulását eredményezheti

Alacsony frekvenciás AC szuszceptométer mágneses folyadékok komplex szuszceptibilitásának mérésére: Low frequency AC susceptometer for measuring complex susceptibility of magnetic fluids

A device was designed and built for measuring frequency dependent complex magnetic susceptibility of magnetic fluids in the range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The base of the device is a balanced differential transformer, where the induced voltage on the secondary coils are measured with a lock-in amplifier. Magnetic susceptibility of two ferrofluids and one magnetorheological fluid were measured to verify the correct operation of the device. Debye relaxation in one of the three fluids were observed in the frequency range of the device. Kivonat Megterveztünk és megvalósítottunk egy mérőeszközt, amellyel mágneses folyadékok frekvenciafüggő komplex szuszceptibilitását tudjuk mérni az 1 Hz – 100 kHz tartományban. Az eszköz alapja egy differenciáltranszformátoros kapcsolás, amelyen a szekunder tekercsekben indukált feszültséget egy lock-in erősítővel mérjük. Az eszköz helyes működésének ellenőrzésére mértük két ferrofluidum és egy magnetoreológiai folyadék mágneses szuszceptibilitását. A vizsgált folyadékok közül egy ferrofluidum Debye relaxációja figyelhető meg a rendelkezésre álló méréstartományban

What Shall We Do for a More Competitive Hungarian Economy? Thoughts About the Monograph Competitiveness and Growth of the Magyar Nemzeti Bank

Since 2010 Hungary has implemented a major turn in its fiscal policy which was followed by a fundamental change in its monetary policy resulting in a new era concerning the growth of the Hungarian economy. These changes form the basis of an economy being simultaneously characterised by balance and growth. Over the last six years the position of the Hungarian economy has been improving significantly especially concerning the quantitative aspects of competitiveness, the results of which have been recognized by financial and capital markets in addition to international organizations and the major credit-rating agencies. However, a faster and more sustainable convergence requires an improvement concerning the qualitative characteristics of the economic resources as well. For an outbreak from the moderately developed economic status it is essential to speed up the catch-up process with additional reforms focused on competitiveness. Along with the relevant international best practice and the theoretical background, the new volume of the book series of the Magyar Nemzeti Bank entitled “Competitiveness and Growth” presents also the necessary measures for that “competitiveness revolution”

Parameter Identification of a Fire Truck Suspension for Vibration Analysis

In case of field measurement it is essential to determine the measurement conditions. With accurate parameter identification credible measurement and simulation results can be achieved. In this paper the parameter identification of a CSD-755-10 heavy-duty fire truck suspension for vibration analysis is presented, which is an important base-point for further research

Beyond Homopolymer Errors: a Systematic Investigation of Nanopore-based DNA Sequencing Characteristics Using HLA-DQA2

Electronic, nanopore based single molecule real-time DNA sequencing technology offers very long, albeit lower accuracy reads in sharp contrast to existing next-generation sequencing methods, which offer short, high-accuracy reads in abundance. We provide a systematic review of the error characteristics of this new sequencing platform, and demonstrate the most challenging aspects in the field of whole gene sequencing through the human HLA-DQA2 gene using long-range PCR products on multiplexed samples. We consider the limitations of these errors for the applications of this technology, and also indicate prospective improvements and expected thresholds with respect to these errors